Index
Abbott, Tony 271
Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority 240–1
Aboriginal Land Commissioner 241
Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement 224
Aborigines.
See Australian Aborigines
abortion 53, 82, 117, 271, 283
Ackerman, Bruce 151–2
Adams, Charles Francis 128
agnosticism 2, 22
Ahdar, Rex 59
Albright, Madeleine 1
Algeria, day of rest 204
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) 130, , 134, 147
Amish communities 111, 256–7, 258
Anglian law
development 273
meaning 268
animals
halal butchery 35
ritual slaughter 20, 35–6, 246
sacrifice 54–5, 62
status 280, 282, 289
anti-majoritarianism 133–4, 137, 150
assisted suicide 294
atheism 2, 22
Audi, Robert 44, 52–3
Augustine, Saint 249
Australia
Aborigines.
See Australian Aborigines
abortion drug 271
Christian ethics 73, 79, 82
Christian missionaries 218
Christian public practices 78
constitutional referendum (1967) 218
definition of religion 12
foetal status 283, 284–5
human dignity 278
secularism 72, 75–6
white Christian male dominance 79
Australian Aborigines
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984
authentication of claims 237–9
Broome Crocodile Farm 222–4, 231, 233, 234
cases 222–32
failure 214–15, 236–7
Hindmarsh Island Bridge 224–32, 233–4
investigation of conflicts 239–40
Junction Waterhole Declaration 232
Junction Waterhole Report 236, 238
legal formality 227
male initiation 222–3
Mathews Report 229–30
natural justice 216–17, 223–4, 231, 237
reform proposals 237–42
scheme 215–17
women’s business 224–5, 228, 229–32, , 233–4
Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority 240–1
Aboriginal Land Commissioner 241
beliefs
authentication 215, 237–9
clash of cultures 218, 234–6,
communication 234–6
diversity 217
gender specificity 217–18, 238
secrecy 214, 215, 216–18, 238–9
statutory protection 241–2
understanding 42
Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1997 230
Hindmarsh Island Bridge Royal Commission 228
indigenous law 81, 218
rituals 217–18, 222–3
sacred sites 6, 9, 42, 215
authentication of claims 237–9
case law 218–33
commercial impact 216–17, 234–6
public interest immunity 241–2
secrecy cases 218–33
1984 Act 222–32
fabrication allegations 234–6
Federal Native Title Act 220–2
female initiation 219
irrationality 233–4
legal formality 227
natural justice 216–17, 220, 223–4, 231
Northern Territory land claims 219–20
public controversy 232–3
women’s business 220–1, 224–5, 228, 229–32, , 233–4
Austria, Sunday law 204
autonomy 270, , 274, 286
Avis, P. 170
Bahais 205
Barry, Brian 32–3, 36
Belgium, Sunday law 202
Biblical authority 51, 126, 128–9, 132–3, 156
Blackstone, William 278
blasphemy laws 13
bodily integrity 68
Bryan, William Jennings 130–1, 132–7, 143, 153
Buddhism 282
Bulgaria 301
burial sites 42
Bush, George W. 121
Calvinism 129, 154
Canada
foetal status 283–4
religious freedom 200
separation of church and state 72
Sunday law 200
Cane, Peter 268
Carter, Stephen 58, 66
Castellio, Sebastian 249
Catholicism
British discrimination 30
gender of priests 22
intolerance 250
UK civil rights 172
US anti-Catholicism 113, 117–18, , 127
US inner city schools 116
CEE countries 300
chancel repairs 171, 172, 175, , 176–7
Christianity
Australian Aborigines and 218
Australian heritage 73, 79, 82
Biblical authority 51, 126, 128–9, 132–3, 156
See also evolution teaching (US)
confession 242
conservative gospel 128–9
diversity 84
fundamentalism 73, 117, 118, 133, 271, 275–7
religious sites 215
sacred personhood 270, 274–82, 286
Sunday.
See Sunday
Western heritage 76
Christmas 85
Church of England
Aston Cantlow v. Wallbank 157
constitutional inconsistency 181–3
discrimination 169
establishment issue 176–81
facts 167
legal arguments 167–9
parochial church councils as public authorities 167–8, 177–81
property rights 169
bishops
appointment 182
House of Lords 182
chancel repair 171, 172, 175, , 176–7
Church Assembly 162
church rates 171, 172, 175,
constitutional arrangement 159–60
inconsistency 181–3
organic constitution 161
reform 183–5
courts 173, 174
establishment 2, 5, 13–14, 30
history 170–2
human rights framework 157–8, 164–7
modifications of historical position 172–6
General Synod 162
materialism and 163–4
modernity and 162–4
organisation 171–2
parish churches 174, 177
parliamentary role 182
parochial church councils 162, 167–8, , 173–4, 177–81
private religious organisation 168
theological diversity 161–2
tithes 171–2, 175, 176
vestries 162, 172
Church of Scotland 180
Cinotti, David 58
circumcision 35
cohesion.
See social cohesion
Cold War 142
Coleman, James 116
colonialism 89
communitarianism 48, 313
comprehensive doctrines 8, 46–7, 50, 63, 65
confession 242
Confucius 279
conscientious exemptions
concept 244–5
constitutional exemptions 244, 245
examples 246
favouritism 255–7
growing demand 246
implications 246–8
military service 54, 246, 255–6, 293
nature of right 246–7
oaths 255,
secular and religious 11, 54, 245–6
tolerance 6
arguments 253–9
or equality 243, 247–8, 259–67
nature 249–53
vaccination 255
constitutionalism
Australian referendum (1967) 218
Canada 200
Church of England and 159–60
inconsistency 181–3
organic constitution 161
constitutional exemptions 244, 245
England
muddling through 183
post-1998 changes 159
sources 158
unwritten constitution 158–9
Israel 197–8
place of religion 13–15
contraception 82, 314
contract
freedom of contract 139
Lockean concept 269, 274
Cooper, Davina 97
Council of Europe
expansion 300
principles 314
Cover, Robert 94–5
creationism 143–6, 275–7
Critical Legal Studies 70, , 92
Crowley, Rosemary 229, 231
culture
dress codes 208
formal neutrality and 79–80, 206–7
human rights and 83
multiculturalism 187, 205–12, 246
relativism 86–8
religion and cultural identity 9–10, 85–6, 301–2
rest days 8–9, 187, 205–12
right to 252
US culture wars 125–9, 150–5
custom 273, 274
Darrow, Clarence 130–1, 132–7, 138, 153
Darwinism 128, 129, 131, 134–5, 147, 275–7, 280
Davies, Margaret 4, 9–10, , 72–99
Dawkins, Richard 14
days of rest.
See rest days
death of religion 1, 15
definition of religion
Arrowsmith v. UK 294–5
conscientious exemptions 245–6
difficulties 7–13, 43
ECtHR 293
Pretty v. UK 294
regulation issue 10–13
religion/law boundaries 9–10
United States 140
democracy
American ethos 133
anti-majoritarianism and 133–4, 137, 150
Catholic Church and 117
ECtHR jurisprudence 298–9, 303, 304–6
legislature v judiciary 133, 136, 150–5
liberal democracy 45, 54–5, 87, 165–6,
political principles 49
religions incompatible with 304–6
shari’a and 304–6
War on Terror rhetoric 165–6,
Denmark, Sunday law 202
Derham, David 273
Dewey, John 117
dignity, human dignity 10, 252, 278–9
discrimination.
See equality
diversity.
See pluralism
dress codes 11, 19, 32–3, 208, 246, 306–9, 314
drug use 246
Dworkin, Ronald 51–2, , 265–6, 277, 281
Edge, Peter 161
education (US)
Amish communities 111, 256–7
control of curricula 150–5
development 129
Everson case 105–9, 114, 124, 141–2, 151, 155
legislature v judiciary 150–5
Locke v. Davey 121
mandatory busing 114, 116, , 118
prayer and Bible reading 111
public funding of religious schools 55–6, 112–15, 119–20
Reagan era 115–20
right to 68
Rosenberger v. University of Virginia 119–20
segregation 113–14
sex education 117
vouchers 119
Yoder case 256
See also evolution teaching (US)
Egypt, Friday 205
Eisenhower, Dwight 107
Eisgruber, Chris 17, 26, 28, , 30–1, 34, 36–8, 43, 152–3
embryos 283
England
Begum case 296–7, 313
Church of England.
See Church of England
constitutionalism
muddling through 183
sources 158
unwritten constitution 158–9
days of rest 202, 204
dress codes 296–7
ecclesiastical courts 173, 174
foetal status 285–7
London eruv 97
tithes 171–2, 175, 176
English Church Union 181
equal treatment of religions
conscientious exemptions 247–8, 259–67
consequences 11–13
cultural realities 79–80
equality principle 17–25
established churches and 30, 169, 184
tolerance or equality 243, 247–8, 252, 259–67
equality
citizens’ equal moral status 46
empty principle 260–2
equal respect 265–7
formal equality and culture 79–80
relativism and 86–8
tolerance and 243, 247–8, 252, 259–67
Erasmus 249
eruvs 97
established religions
assumption 13–14
blasphemy and 13
Church of England.
See Church of England
Church of Scotland 180
discrimination 30, 169, 184
European Convention on Human Rights 183
historical role 170–2
human rights and 157–8
lack of consensus 2
US and.
See United States
European Convention on Human Rights
established churches and 183
freedom of conscience and religion (Art. 9) 292
limitation clauses 292, 304
positive obligations 308
public authorities 168, 177–81
UK incorporation 166
European Court of Human Rights
conscientious exemptions 247
definition of religion or belief 293, 294
freedom of association 310–12
Gorzelik v. Poland 304
limitation clauses 304
margins of appreciation 297, 307
proceduralism 299
proportionality 306
religious freedom 7, 291–315
Arrowsmith v. UK 293, 294–5
democratic necessity 298–9, 303
freedom of expression 165, 166
Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria 301
individual rights focus 292–300
interferences 295–7
Jehovah’s Witnesses 298–9
Kokkinakis v. Greece 298–9, 308
Kosteski v. FYROM 293, 295
Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia v. Moldova 14, 301–2, 310
Moscow Branch of the Salvation Army v. Russia 310–12
necessary interferences 297–8, 299
Norwood v. UK 304
Pretty v. UK 294
Refah Partisi v. Turkey 304–6, 313
rest days 203, 204
role of state 14, 291, 298–306,
Sahin v. Turkey 306–9, 311
shifting approach 300–6
state neutrality paradigm 306–12
Stedman v. UK 295–6
Sunday working 295–6
European Court of Justice 202
Evans, Carolyn 1–15
Evans, Malcolm 7, 14, 291–315
evolution teaching (US)
anti-evolution legislation 142
cases 5, 123–4, 142–50
creationism 143–6, 275–7
culture wars 125–9, 150–5
Edwards v. Aguillard 145–6, 150
Epperson v. Arkansas 142–4, 150, 153,
Evangelicals 117
intelligent design 146–50, 153, 275–7
Kitzmiller case 147–8, 149, 153, , 270, 275–7
legislation v judicial process 150–5
Lemon v. Kurtzman 144–5, 147
McLean v. Arkansas 144–6, 148, 150, 153
Scopes Trial 123, 129–37
family 274
fanaticism 15
favouritism 255–7
Feinberg, J. 250–1,
feminism 78, 118
Fergie, Dean 224, 230, 233
festivals 293
Finland 202, 203
Finnis, John 269, 271, 281
Fish, Stanley 60–1, 64, 67–9, 70
Fisher, Betty 228
foetal status 282–7, 288–9
forum internum 293
forum shopping 151
France
laïcité 2
revolutionary calendar 189
sale of contraceptives 314
Sunday law 202
Frankfurter, Felix 109
freedom of association 310–12
freedom of contract 139
freedom of religion and conscience.
See religious freedom
Friedman, Lawrence 274
fringe religions 313
fundamentalism
Christian 73, 117, 118, 133, 271, 275–7
secular fundamentalism 312, 314
Gavison, Ruth 6, 8–9, 186–213,
gay rights 117, 118
Gemeinschaft 274
gender
Aborigines.
See Australian Aborigines
religious leaders 22–3
See also women
Germany
Sunday law 202, , 204
World War I and 135
Gesellschaft 274
Goldberg, Arthur 109
Gore, Al 121
Gray, K.J. 274
Greece 298–9
Greenawalt, Kent 148–50
Griffiths, John 89, 90
Hammond, Phillip 141
harm principle 66–7, 250–1,
Harte, D. 163
Herron, John 229, 230
Hindmarsh Island Bridge Royal Commission 228
Hobbes, Thomas 63
Holland, S.L. 163
homosexuality 51, , 53
House of Lords 182
Howard, John 77
human dignity 10, 252, 278–9
human rights
Church of England and.
See Church of England
conscientious exemptions and 246
culture and 83
discourse 246
ECHR.
See European Convention on Human Rights
established religions and 157–8
human dignity and 278–9
privatisation of religion 182
public authorities and 167–8, 177–81
religion and ECtHR jurisprudence 165, 166
replacing religion 165, 166
See also European Court of Human Rights
humanism 2
Hunter, James Davison 124–8,
incommensurability 188
individualism 8, 48–9, 186, 313
Industrial Revolution 175
Ingber, Stanley 140
intelligent design 146–50, 153, 275–7
International Convention on the Rights of the Child 284
International Labour Organization 189
Iran 75
irrationality 6, 15, 24, 233–4
Islam.
See Muslims
Israel
constitutional revolution 197–8
days of rest 6, 8–9, 188–9
military service exemptions 255–6
Sabbath
Jerusalem 211
non-Jews 198–9
observance 193
politics 193
practice 196–9
schools 198
Yeshiva students 255–6
Italy, Sunday law 202
Jawoyn people 240
Jefferson, Thomas 142
Jehovah’s Witnesses 139–40, 258–9, 298–9
Jews
19th-century migration to US 127
Braunfeld case 111
eruvs 97
male circumcision 35
Reform Jews 193
Sabbath 33–4, 190–3
European practices 203
Israeli practice 193, 196–9
Jerusalem 211
US Sunday Closing cases 107–8, 111, 200–1
yamulkas 19, 32–3, 38, 42
jilbab 296–7
Judaism.
See Jews
justice, concept 49, 62–3, 88
Kant, Immanuel 48, 63, 274
Kass, Leon 279
Kelsen, Hans 271–2
Kennedy, John F. 117
Keown, John 277–8, 281
kh’utba 195
Lacey, Nicola 94
Larmore, Charles 48
law
formality v. justice 227
interpretive conventions 93
law/religion boundaries 9–10
legal monism 75, 80–3, 92
legal personality 269–73, , 282–7
nature 74
neutrality, impossibility 72–3
pluralism.
See legal pluralism
separation from religion 75–83
Law Commission 176–7
Lebanon, day of rest 204
legal pluralism
colonised nations 89
definition 73
reality 72–3
religious diversity and 88–92
social diversity 88–90
spaces 94
times 98–9
Leigh, Ian 59
liberalism
anti-clerical strain 29
concept of justice 49, 88
legal personality 273–4
liberal democracy 45, 54–5, 87, 165–6,
liberal secularism 77, 305
moral autonomy 270, 274
political principles 47–53, 76
rationality 6, 15
reasonable people and 49–50, 62, 63
social cohesion and 207
state authority and liberty 102–3
state neutrality
faith in neutrality 60–7
impossibility of impartiality 67–71
multiculturalism and 206–7
practice 53–7
theory 45–53,
tolerance or neutrality 243
Locke, John 34, 46, 58, 60, 68, 102–3, 105, 106–7, 269, 274
Lucas, Rod 224
Luxembourg 202
McConnell, Michael 4–5, 13, 69–71, 100–22, 154
Machacek, W. 141
Maddox, Marion 76
Maine, Henry 273–4
Malaysia 205
Malik, Charles 279
margins of appreciation 297, 307
Marsden, George 128
Marshall, William P 45–53,
materialism 163–4
Mathews, Jane 229–30
Mazur, Eric Michael 141
medical treatment, consent 258–9, 285–7
Mencken, H.L. 135
mercy, tolerance and 252–3
Merry, Sally Engle 89,
Meyerson, Denise 4, , 6, 8, 12, 14–15, 44–71
migration 2, 127
military service exemptions 54, 246, 255–6, 293
Mill, John Stuart 48, 63, 66–7, 249
Moldova 14, 301–2
Morocco 204
mosques 195
multiculturalism
conscientious exemptions 246
days of rest 187, 205–12
Muslims
beards 19, 35
Begum case 296–7, 313
Bulgaria 301
dress codes 296–7, 313
ECtHR jurisprudence 293, 306–9
halal butchery 35
headscarves 2, 306–9, 314
Islamic days of rest 195–6, 204–5
Israel and Sabbath 198
migration to Europe 2
religion and culture 85
religious festivals 293
shari’a and democracy 304–6
Sunday laws and 203–4
Naffine, Ngaire 7, 10, 268–90
Napoleon I 189
natural justice 216–17, 220, 223–4, 231, 237
Nehushtan, Yossi 6, 8, 243–67
Nekam, Alexander 272
Netherlands, Sunday law 202
Neuhaus, Richard John 64
New Religious Movements 313
New Zealand 72, 284
Ngarrindjeri women 225–32
Nietzsche, Friedrich 135–6
Norway 2
oaths 255,
Orleans, Third Council (538 AD) 194
Ottoman Empire 204
outcome-related reasoning 151
pacifism 294–5
parliamentary sovereignty 158
Peng-chun Chang 279
Perez, Nahshon 6, 8–9, 186–213,
Perry, Michael 64
persistent vegetative state 271
personhood
concept 7, 10
foetal status 282–7, 288–9
liberal political view 273–4
persons in action 282
pluralism 268–71,
sacred and material person 274–82
strictly legal view 271–3, 282–7
Phillimore, W. 180–1
Pius XII, Pope 250
pluralism
days of rest 205–12
definition 251
incommensurability 188, 287
law.
See legal pluralism
personality 268–71,
reasonable pluralism 47, 62, 63
religious diversity 84–5
secularism and 312–13
Poland 304
politics
conception of justice 62–3
Israeli Sabbath 193
liberal principles 44–5, 47–53, 76
participation right 68
role of religion in 44–71
See also public sphere
poor law 172
pornography 52
positivism 75, 92, 95–7
Post, Robert 88
post-modernism 69–71, 93, 94, 151
pregnant women 270, , 284–7,
primary goods 58, 68
privacy rights 52
privatization of religion 1, 44–71, 72, 166, 182, 313
privileging religion 4, 11–13, 16–25, 26, 141, 312
proportionality 306
Protestantism
Bible authority 128–9
US Republican Protestantism 126–8, 130, 131–2, 154–5
public authorities 167–8, 177–81
public interest immunity 241–2
public sphere
conception of justice 62–3
English parochial church councils 167–8, 177–81
established churches 183–5
public funding of religion 55–6, 112–15, 119–20
public reasoning 50–1
role of religion in 44–71
state religious neutrality
ECtHR 291, 303
faith in neutrality 60–7
impartiality 67–71
impossibility 67–71, 72–3
individual rights and 306–12
multiculturalism and 206–7
neutrality of ideal 57–71
practice 53–7
theory 45–53,
tolerance or neutrality 243
Rachels, James 280, 281
racism
forms 78
US segregation 21, 113–14
Radan, Peter 5, 9, 13, 123–56
Rajneesh, Bhagwan 155
Raulston, Judge 132–3, , 136
Rawls, John 4, 8, 12, 42, 48–51, 52, 58, 59–60, 62–5, 68, 70, 88, , 265
Raz, Joseph 66, 250, 260–1, 263
Reagan era 101, 115–20
reason
irrationality of religion 6, 15, 24, 233–4
outcome-related reasoning 151
public reasoning 50–1
Rawlsian concept of reasonableness 64–5
reasonable accommodation 33–4
reasonable people 44, 49–50, 62, 71
reasonable pluralism 47, 62, 63
Reformation 8, 31, 40–1, 43, 172,
relativism 86–8
religion
affirmative value 26–9, 31
competing interests 24–5, 28, 37–9
constitutional order 13–15
culture and 9–10, 85–6, 301–2
death of religion 1, 15
definition.
See definition of religion
diversity 84–5, 88–92
divisive force 14–15
equality.
See equal treatment of religions
historical role 170–2
human rights replacing 165, 166
intolerance 45–53,
irrationality 6, 15, 24, 233–4
privatisation 1, 44–71, 72, 166, 182, 313
public funding 55–6, 112–15, 119–20
relativism 86–8
return 1
separation from law 75–83
sites 42, 215
See also Australian Aborigines
social cohesion and 13–15
religion and state
boundaries 7–13
contexts 5–7
definition of religion 10–13
European Court of Human Rights 14, 291
history 4–5
legal accommodation of religious needs 19–20
political role of religion 44–71
public sponsorship of rituals 20–2
rest days 186–7
state neutrality
ECtHR jurisprudence 291, 303, 306–12
impossibility 72–3
impossibility of impartiality 67–71
multiculturalism and 206–7
neutrality of ideal 57–71
practice 53–7
theory 45–53,
tolerance or neutrality 243
theory 4
underlying themes 7–15
See also established religions
religious festivals 293
religious freedom
definition 29–31
ECHR (Art. 9) 292
ECtHR.
See European Court of Human Rights
English development 172–3
equal liberty 16–25
equality of citizens 30, 36
equality of religions 11–12, 17–25
freedom from coercion 29–30
fringe religions 313
moral basis 16–25
privileging 4, 11–13, 16–25, 26, 141, 312
religious core 31
rest days.
See rest days
secularism and 30–1
universalising toleration 39–42
See also conscientious exemptions
religious leaders, gender 22–3
religious wars 249
rest days
Christianity 193–5
church and state 186–7
conscientious exemptions 246
culture 8–9
Islam 195–6
Israel 6, 8–9, 188–9
non-Jews 198–9
practices 193, 196–9
Judaism 190–3
majority decision 188
multicultural model 209–12
multicultural societies 187, 205–12
practices 196–205
Christian countries 199–204
Europe 202–4
Israel 193, 196–9
Muslim countries 204–5
United States 199–202
religious festivals 293
secular calendars 189
significance of weekly cycles 42, 189–96
social meaning 191, 192–3
See also Sunday
Richards, David 56
rituals
Australian Aborigines 217–18
Christian confession 242
legal accommodation 19–20
public sponsorship 20–2
reasonable accommodation 33–4
social meaning 20–2, 24
Roosevelt, Eleanor 278–9
Roosevelt, Franklin 102
royal prerogative 158
Russia 310–12
Sabbath 33–4, 190–3, 196–9, 211
Sager, Larry 4, 8, 11–12, , 16–25, 26, 28, , 30–1, 34, 35–8, , 39, 43, 312
Salmond, John 271
Sandel, Michael 48
Santeria faith 20, 54–5, 62
Saudi Arabia 75
Saunders, Cheryl 224–7, 230, 231
Scanlon, Thomas 266
science
creationism 143–6, 275–7
definition 148–50
See also evolution teaching (US)
Scopes Trial
appeal to Tennessee Supreme Court 137–8
arguments 129–37, 153
culture wars context 125–9
legacy 136–7
opening 123
overturning 153
subsequent cases 123–4, 142–50
US control of curricula and 150–5
Scott, Lord 176
secularism
comprehensive doctrines 65
ECtHR jurisprudence 306–12
fundamentalist secularism 312, 314
liberal secularism 77, 305
meaning 75–83
pluralism and 312–13
positivism and 92
privileging 57
religious freedom and 30–1, 52–3
theory v. practice 76–80
See also state neutrality
security, right to 68
Seventh-Day Adventists 194, 200–2, , 203
shari’a 10, 75, 81, 304–6
Singer, Peter 280
sites
burial sites 42
religious sites 215
See also Australian Aborigines
Smith, Bryant 272
Smith, Charlotte 5, 13–14, 157–85
Smolin, David 68
social cohesion
need 207
religion and 13–15, 301–2
religion as divisive force 14–15
social Darwinism 134–5
social meaning 20–2, 24
socio-legal scholarship 92, 94
Soviet Union 142, 189
Spain, Sunday law 202
Sputnik 142
state neutrality
ECtHR jurisprudence 291, 298–300, 306–12
impossibility 72–3
impossibility of impartiality 67–71
multiculturalism and 206–7
neutrality of ideal 57–71
practice 53–7
theory 45–53,
tolerance or neutrality 243
Stone, Adrienne 2
Story, Joseph 131, 137, 153
suicide, assisted suicide 294
Sunday
American cases 107, 111, 199–202
Braunfield v. Brown 200–1, 202
Christian day of rest 193–5
conscientious exemptions 257
ECtHR jurisprudence 295–6
McGowan case 200
practices of Christian countries 199–204
Sweden, Sunday law 202
Switzerland 314
Symes, P.D. 274
taxation 11
terrorism 15
Tickner, Robert 222, 224, 225, 229, 230, 231, 232
tithes 171–2, 175, 176
tolerance
conscientious exemptions 243, 247–8, 253–9
equality and 252, 259–67
etymology 249
favouritism 255–7
history 249
merciful tolerance 252–3
motivation 251–3
nature 250–1
pragmatic tolerance 252
universalising 39–42
Tonnies, Ferdinand 274
Turkey 204, 304–9, , 314
Tushnet, Mark 70
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 284
United Kingdom
constitutional changes 159
human rights framework 164–7
royal prerogative 158
See also England
United States
anti-majoritarianism 133–4, 137
civil rights era 109–15
conscientious exemptions 247
culture wars 125–9, 150–5
Due Process Clause 138–9,
education.
See education (US)
evolution.
See evolution teaching (US)
freedom of contract 139
freedom of speech 139–40, 142
fundamentalists 117, 118, 133
Lochner case 103, 104, 105, 106, 110
Lukumi case 54–5, 62
New Deal 102–9, 110
Pledge of Allegiance 107, 121
Plessy v. Ferguson 21
racial segregation 21, 113–14
Reagan era 101, 115–20
Religion Clauses 3
1946–63 jurisprudence 101, 102–9
1963–80 jurisprudence 101, 109–15
1980–2000 jurisprudence 101, 115–20
Amish communities 111, 256–7, 258
Bowen v. Kendrick 119
Cantwell case 139–40
compelling state interests and 54
constitutional protection 20, 100–2
definition of religion 140
Establishment Clause 100, 101, 107, , 112–15, 131–2, 138, 140–2, 144–6, 276
Everson case 105–9, 114, 124, 141–2, 151, 155
First Amendment, text 124
Free Exercise Clause 100, 112, 139–40
jurisprudence 5, 23, 44, 71, 100–2
Locke v. Davey 121
post-2000 jurisprudence 101–2, 120–2
privileging religious freedom 54, 141
Rosenberger v. University of Virginia 119–20
Scopes Trial.
See Scopes Trial
Sherbert case 110–11, 201–2
Sunday Closing cases 107–8, 111, 199–202
Ten Commandments 121
Yoder case 256
See also evolution teaching (US)
religiosity 59
Republican Protestantism 2, 126–8, 130, 131–2, 154–5
Scopes Trial.
See Scopes Trial
secularism 30, 72, 103
Sunday laws 199–202
Braunfield v. Brown 200–1, 202
McGowan 200
Sherbert case 110–11, 201–2
Supreme Court, appointments 151–2
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 278–9
universalism
relativism and 86–8
universalising tolerance 39–42
utilitarianism 61–2
vaccination 255
Van Bijsterveld, S.C. 166
Waldron, Jeremy 125, 151, 152–4, 155
Walzer, Michael 186
War on Terror 165
Webber, Jeremy 4, 12–13, 14, 26–43
Weber, Max 274
welfare, right to 68
Wilheim, Ernst 6, 9, 214–42
Williams, Bernard 262
Wills, Garry 135, 156
Wilson, Woodrow 130
women
Aboriginal women’s business 220–1, 224–5, 228, 229–32, , 233–4
pregnant women 270, , 284–7,
Wootten, J.H. 236, 238
World War I 130, 135
yamulkas 19, 32–3, 38, 42
Yeshiva students 255–6
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